HPV 16, 18

About HPV

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of DNA-containing viruses comprising over 100 strains. Based on their ability to induce neoplastic processes, HPVs are classified into low-risk and high-risk oncogenic groups. HPV exhibits tropism for human epithelial cells, with the transformation zone of the cervix and the anogenital region being the most susceptible. During infection, the virus targets undifferentiated, actively proliferating basal layer cells, which become a persistent source of infection for epithelial cells. The viral oncoproteins E5, E6, and E7 interfere with cell cycle regulation, leading to uncontrolled cell division and the accumulation of genetic damage. In basal layer cells, the virus can remain in a latent state for extended periods, meaning it can be detected by PCR even in the absence of clinical and cytological changes. It is known that in many cases, the virus undergoes self-elimination within several years. However, long-term persistence of HPV (over 2 years) is the primary factor for the development and progression of neoplastic changes.

HPV can induce neoplastic transformation of the epithelium and is the leading etiological factor for cervical cancer development. Approximately 50% of cervical precancerous conditions are caused by HPV types 16 and 18, which belong to the high-risk oncogenic HPV group. A correlation has also been established between the risk of developing anal and penile cancers and these HPV types. Papillomavirus infection during pregnancy can negatively impact both maternal and fetal health, increasing the risk of severe pregnancy complications. These include spontaneous abortion, preterm birth, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, premature rupture of membranes, and fetal death.

According to several studies, a potential link is suggested between HPV and reduced fertility. A higher prevalence of papillomavirus infection is noted in cases of male infertility. HPV alters the pH of seminal fluid, reduces the number of morphologically normal spermatozoa, and decreases their functional activity.

PCR testing is essential for conducting etiological and differential diagnosis, determining further patient management strategies based on medical history and results from other examination methods, and monitoring treatment efficacy. This approach helps prevent the development and progression of chronic inflammatory processes, neoplastic changes, and associated complications (including those during pregnancy).